Struct Box

1.0.0 · Source

pub struct Box<T, A = Global>(/* private fields */)
where
    A: Allocator,
    T: ?Sized;

Expand description

A pointer type that uniquely owns a heap allocation of type T.

See the module-level documentation for more.

Implementations§

Source §

impl<A> Box<dyn Any, A>
where A: Allocator,

1.0.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any, A>>
where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

§Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

Source

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

§Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

§Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

Source §

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send, A>
where A: Allocator,

1.0.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send, A>>
where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

§Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

Source

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

§Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any + Send> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

§Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

Source §

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>
where A: Allocator,

1.51.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>>
where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

§Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

Source

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the box to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

§Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;

let x: Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync> = Box::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

§Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

Source §

impl<T> Box<T>

1.0.0 · Source

pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T>

Allocates memory on the heap and then places x into it.

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

§Examples

let five = Box::new(5);

1.82.0 · Source

pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents.

§Examples

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

Source

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_zeroed_alloc)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(new_zeroed_alloc)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::new_zeroed();
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

1.33.0 · Source

pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>>

Constructs a new Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then x will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

Constructing and pinning of the Box can also be done in two steps: Box::pin(x) does the same as Box::into_pin(Box::new(x)). Consider using into_pin if you already have a Box<T>, or if you want to construct a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

Source

pub fn try_new(x: T) -> Result<Box<T>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Allocates memory on the heap then places x into it, returning an error if the allocation fails

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let five = Box::try_new(5)?;

Source

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents on the heap, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

Source

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes on the heap

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

Source §

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

Source

pub fn new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Allocates memory in the given allocator then places x into it.

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let five = Box::new_in(5, System);

Source

pub fn try_new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Box<T, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Allocates memory in the given allocator then places x into it, returning an error if the allocation fails

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let five = Box::try_new_in(5, System)?;

Source

pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::new_uninit_in(System);
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

Source

pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_uninit_in(System)?;
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

Source

pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes in the provided allocator.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Box::<u32, _>::new_zeroed_in(System);
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

Source

pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails,

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Box::<u32, _>::try_new_zeroed_in(System)?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

Source

pub fn pin_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>
where A: 'static + Allocator,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Pin<Box<T, A>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then x will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

Constructing and pinning of the Box can also be done in two steps: Box::pin_in(x, alloc) does the same as Box::into_pin(Box::new_in(x, alloc)). Consider using into_pin if you already have a Box<T, A>, or if you want to construct a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new_in.

Source

pub fn into_boxed_slice(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Box<[T], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_into_boxed_slice)

Converts a Box<T> into a Box<[T]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

Source

pub fn into_inner(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_into_inner)

Consumes the Box, returning the wrapped value.

§Examples

#![feature(box_into_inner)]

let c = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::into_inner(c), 5);

Source §

impl<T> Box<[T]>

1.82.0 · Source

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents.

§Examples

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
// Deferred initialization:
values[0].write(1);
values[1].write(2);
values[2].write(3);
let values = unsafe {values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

Source

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_zeroed_alloc)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(new_zeroed_alloc)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

Source

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_uninit_slice(3)?;
// Deferred initialization:
values[0].write(1);
values[1].write(2);
values[2].write(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);

Source

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_zeroed_slice(3)?;
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);

Source

pub fn into_array<const N: usize>(self) -> Option<Box<[T; N]>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (slice_as_array)

Converts the boxed slice into a boxed array.

This operation does not reallocate; the underlying array of the slice is simply reinterpreted as an array type.

If N is not exactly equal to the length of self, then this method returns None.

Source §

impl<T, A> Box<[T], A>
where A: Allocator,

Source

pub fn new_uninit_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_uninit_slice_in(3, System);
// Deferred initialization:
values[0].write(1);
values[1].write(2);
values[2].write(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

Source

pub fn new_zeroed_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let values = Box::<[u32], _>::new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

Source

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut values = Box::<[u32], _>::try_new_uninit_slice_in(3, System)?;
// Deferred initialization:
values[0].write(1);
values[1].write(2);
values[2].write(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);

Source

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let values = Box::<[u32], _>::try_new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System)?;
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);

Source §

impl<T, A> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

1.82.0 · Source

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T, A>

Converts to Box<T, A>.

§Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

§Examples

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five: Box<u32> = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

1.87.0 · Source

pub fn write(boxed: Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, value: T) -> Box<T, A>

Writes the value and converts to Box<T, A>.

This method converts the box similarly to Box::assume_init but writes value into it before conversion thus guaranteeing safety. In some scenarios use of this method may improve performance because the compiler may be able to optimize copying from stack.

§Examples

let big_box = Box::<[usize; 1024]>::new_uninit();

let mut array = [0; 1024];
for (i, place) in array.iter_mut().enumerate() {
    *place = i;
}

// The optimizer may be able to elide this copy, so previous code writes
// to heap directly.
let big_box = Box::write(big_box, array);

for (i, x) in big_box.iter().enumerate() {
    assert_eq!(*x, i);
}

Source §

impl<T, A> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>
where A: Allocator,

1.82.0 · Source

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<[T], A>

Converts to Box<[T], A>.

§Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the values really are in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

§Examples

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);
// Deferred initialization:
values[0].write(1);
values[1].write(2);
values[2].write(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

Source §

impl<T> Box<T>
where T: ?Sized,

1.4.0 · Source

pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Box<T>

Constructs a box from a raw pointer.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

§Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator.

The safety conditions are described in the memory layout section.

§Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a raw pointer using Box::into_raw:

let x = Box::new(5);
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the global allocator:

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};

unsafe {
    let ptr = alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()) as *mut i32;
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
    // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
    ptr.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_raw(ptr);
}

Source

pub unsafe fn from_non_null(ptr: NonNull<T>) -> Box<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_vec_non_null)

Constructs a box from a NonNull pointer.

After calling this function, the NonNull pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

§Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same NonNull pointer.

The non-null pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator.

The safety conditions are described in the memory layout section.

§Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a NonNull pointer using Box::into_non_null:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(5);
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null(non_null) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the global allocator:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};
use std::ptr::NonNull;

unsafe {
    let non_null = NonNull::new(alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()).cast::<i32>())
        .expect("allocation failed");
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `non_null`.
    non_null.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_non_null(non_null);
}

Source §

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

Source

pub unsafe fn from_raw_in(raw: *mut T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a box from a raw pointer in the given allocator.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

§Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc.

§Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a raw pointer using Box::into_raw_with_allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the system allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, slice_ptr_get)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

unsafe {
    let ptr = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.as_mut_ptr() as *mut i32;
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
    // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
    ptr.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_raw_in(ptr, System);
}

Source

pub unsafe fn from_non_null_in(raw: NonNull<T>, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a box from a NonNull pointer in the given allocator.

After calling this function, the NonNull pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

§Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The non-null pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc.

§Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a NonNull pointer using Box::into_non_null_with_allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the system allocator:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null, slice_ptr_get)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

unsafe {
    let non_null = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.cast::<i32>();
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `non_null`.
    non_null.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, System);
}

1.4.0 · Source

pub fn into_raw(b: Box<T, A>) -> *mut T

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped raw pointer.

The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_raw function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw(b) instead of b.into_raw(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

§Examples

Converting the raw pointer back into a Box with Box::from_raw for automatic cleanup:

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};
use std::ptr;

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
unsafe {
    ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
    dealloc(ptr as *mut u8, Layout::new::<String>());
}

Note: This is equivalent to the following:

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
unsafe {
    drop(Box::from_raw(ptr));
}

Source

pub fn into_non_null(b: Box<T, A>) -> NonNull<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_vec_non_null)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped NonNull pointer.

The pointer will be properly aligned.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the NonNull pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_non_null function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_non_null(b) instead of b.into_non_null(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

§Examples

Converting the NonNull pointer back into a Box with Box::from_non_null for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null(non_null) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{dealloc, Layout};

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
unsafe {
    non_null.drop_in_place();
    dealloc(non_null.as_ptr().cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

Note: This is equivalent to the following:

#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

let x = Box::new(String::from("Hello"));
let non_null = Box::into_non_null(x);
unsafe {
    drop(Box::from_non_null(non_null));
}

Source

pub fn into_raw_with_allocator(b: Box<T, A>) -> (*mut T, A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped raw pointer and the allocator.

The pointer will be properly aligned and non-null.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the raw pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_raw_in function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw_with_allocator(b) instead of b.into_raw_with_allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

§Examples

Converting the raw pointer back into a Box with Box::from_raw_in for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};
use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
unsafe {
    ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
    let non_null = NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr);
    alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

Source

pub fn into_non_null_with_allocator(b: Box<T, A>) -> (NonNull<T>, A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Consumes the Box, returning a wrapped NonNull pointer and the allocator.

The pointer will be properly aligned.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory, taking into account the memory layout used by Box. The easiest way to do this is to convert the NonNull pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_non_null_in function, allowing the Box destructor to perform the cleanup.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(b) instead of b.into_non_null_with_allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

§Examples

Converting the NonNull pointer back into a Box with Box::from_non_null_in for automatic cleanup:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };

Manual cleanup by explicitly running the destructor and deallocating the memory:

#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
unsafe {
    non_null.drop_in_place();
    alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<String>());
}

Source

pub fn as_mut_ptr(b: &mut Box<T, A>) -> *mut T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_as_ptr)

Returns a raw mutable pointer to the Box’s contents.

The caller must ensure that the Box outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up dangling.

This method guarantees that for the purpose of the aliasing model, this method does not materialize a reference to the underlying memory, and thus the returned pointer will remain valid when mixed with other calls to as_ptr and as_mut_ptr. Note that calling other methods that materialize references to the memory may still invalidate this pointer. See the example below for how this guarantee can be used.

§Examples

Due to the aliasing guarantee, the following code is legal:

#![feature(box_as_ptr)]

unsafe {
    let mut b = Box::new(0);
    let ptr1 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut b);
    ptr1.write(1);
    let ptr2 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut b);
    ptr2.write(2);
    // Notably, the write to `ptr2` did *not* invalidate `ptr1`:
    ptr1.write(3);
}

Source

pub fn as_ptr(b: &Box<T, A>) -> *const T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_as_ptr)

Returns a raw pointer to the Box’s contents.

The caller must ensure that the Box outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up dangling.

The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to is never written to (except inside an UnsafeCell) using this pointer or any pointer derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the Box, use as_mut_ptr.

This method guarantees that for the purpose of the aliasing model, this method does not materialize a reference to the underlying memory, and thus the returned pointer will remain valid when mixed with other calls to as_ptr and as_mut_ptr. Note that calling other methods that materialize mutable references to the memory, as well as writing to this memory, may still invalidate this pointer. See the example below for how this guarantee can be used.

§Examples

Due to the aliasing guarantee, the following code is legal:

#![feature(box_as_ptr)]

unsafe {
    let mut v = Box::new(0);
    let ptr1 = Box::as_ptr(&v);
    let ptr2 = Box::as_mut_ptr(&mut v);
    let _val = ptr2.read();
    // No write to this memory has happened yet, so `ptr1` is still valid.
    let _val = ptr1.read();
    // However, once we do a write...
    ptr2.write(1);
    // ... `ptr1` is no longer valid.
    // This would be UB: let _val = ptr1.read();
}

Source

pub fn allocator(b: &Box<T, A>) -> &A

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::allocator(&b) instead of b.allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

1.26.0 · Source

pub fn leak<'a>(b: Box<T, A>) -> &'a mut T
where A: 'a,

Consumes and leaks the Box, returning a mutable reference, &'a mut T.

Note that the type T must outlive the chosen lifetime 'a. If the type has only static references, or none at all, then this may be chosen to be 'static.

This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of the program’s life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory leak. If this is not acceptable, the reference should first be wrapped with the Box::from_raw function producing a Box. This Box can then be dropped which will properly destroy T and release the allocated memory.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::leak(b) instead of b.leak(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

§Examples

Simple usage:

let x = Box::new(41);
let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
*static_ref += 1;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);

Unsized data:

let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
static_ref[0] = 4;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);

1.63.0 · Source

pub fn into_pin(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>
where A: 'static,

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then *boxed will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

This is also available via From.

Constructing and pinning a Box with Box::into_pin(Box::new(x)) can also be written more concisely using Box::pin(x). This into_pin method is useful if you already have a Box<T>, or you are constructing a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

§Notes

It’s not recommended that crates add an impl like From<Box<T>> for Pin<T>, as it’ll introduce an ambiguity when calling Pin::from. A demonstration of such a poor impl is shown below.

struct Foo; // A type defined in this crate.
impl From<Box<()>> for Pin<Foo> {
    fn from(_: Box<()>) -> Pin<Foo> {
        Pin::new(Foo)
    }
}

let foo = Box::new(());
let bar = Pin::from(foo);

Source §

type Parameters = StringParam

The type of parameters that arbitrary_with accepts for configuration of the generated Strategy. Parameters must implement Default.

Source §

type Strategy = MapInto<<String as Arbitrary>::Strategy, Box<str>>

The type of Strategy used to generate values of type Self.

Source §

fn arbitrary_with( a: <Box<str> as Arbitrary>::Parameters, ) -> <Box<str> as Arbitrary>::Strategy

Generates a Strategy for producing arbitrary values of type the implementing type (Self). The strategy is passed the arguments given in args. Read more

Source §

fn arbitrary() -> Self::Strategy

Generates a Strategy for producing arbitrary values of type the implementing type (Self). Read more

Source §

impl<A> ArbitraryF1<A> for Box<A>
where A: Debug + 'static,

Source §

type Parameters = ()

The type of parameters that lift1_with accepts for configuration of the lifted and generated Strategy. Parameters must implement Default.

Source §

fn lift1_with<S>( base: S, _args: <Box<A> as ArbitraryF1<A>>::Parameters, ) -> BoxedStrategy<Box<A>>
where S: Strategy<Value = A> + 'static,

Lifts a given Strategy to a new Strategy for the (presumably) bigger type. This is useful for lifting a Strategy for SomeType to a container such as Vec of SomeType. The composite strategy is passed the arguments given in args. Read more

Source §

fn lift1<AS>(base: AS) -> BoxedStrategy<Self>
where AS: Strategy<Value = A> + 'static,

Lifts a given Strategy to a new Strategy for the (presumably) bigger type. This is useful for lifting a Strategy for SomeType to a container such as Vec<SomeType>. Read more

fn consume(self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, amt: usize)

Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to poll_read. Read more

Source §

impl<T> AsyncBufRead for Box<T>
where T: AsyncBufRead + Unpin + ?Sized,

Source §

fn poll_fill_buf( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<&[u8], Error>>

Attempts to return the contents of the internal buffer, filling it with more data from the inner reader if it is empty. Read more

Source §

fn consume(self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, amt: usize)

Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to poll_read. Read more

Attempt to read from the AsyncRead into buf. Read more

Waits for a seek operation to complete. Read more

Source §

impl<T> AsyncWrite for Box<T>
where T: AsyncWrite + Unpin + ?Sized,

Source §

fn poll_write( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, buf: &[u8], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from buf into the object. Read more

Source §

fn poll_write_vectored( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>], ) -> Poll<Result<usize, Error>>

Attempt to write bytes from bufs into the object using vectored IO operations. Read more

Source §

fn poll_flush( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempt to flush the object, ensuring that any buffered data reach their destination. Read more

Source §

fn poll_close( self: Pin<&mut Box<T>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), Error>>

Attempt to close the object. Read more

Source §

1.0.0 · Source§

impl BufRead for Box
where B: BufRead + ?Sized,

Source §

fn fill_buf(&mut self) -> Result<&[u8], Error>

Returns the contents of the internal buffer, filling it with more data, via Read methods, if empty. Read more

Source §

fn consume(&mut self, amt: usize)

Marks the given amount of additional bytes from the internal buffer as having been read. Subsequent calls to read only return bytes that have not been marked as read. Read more

Source §

fn has_data_left(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (buf_read_has_data_left)

Source §

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<[T], A>)

Copies source’s contents into self without creating a new allocation, so long as the two are of the same length.

§Examples

let x = Box::new([5, 6, 7]);
let mut y = Box::new([8, 9, 10]);
let yp: *const [i32] = &*y;

y.clone_from(&x);

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// And no allocation occurred
assert_eq!(yp, &*y);

§Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let y = x.clone();

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// But they are unique objects
assert_ne!(&*x as *const i32, &*y as *const i32);

Source §

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<T, A>)

Copies source’s contents into self without creating a new allocation.

§Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let mut y = Box::new(10);
let yp: *const i32 = &*y;

y.clone_from(&x);

// The value is the same
assert_eq!(x, y);

// And no allocation occurred
assert_eq!(yp, &*y);

Source §

fn update( &self, line: &mut LineBuffer, start: usize, elected: &str, cl: &mut Changeset, )

Updates the edited line with the elected candidate.

fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<::Item>

Returns the nth element from the end of the iterator. Read more

Source §

fn advance_back_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_advance_by)

Advances the iterator from the back by n elements. Read more

1.27.0 · Source§

fn try_rfold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = B>,

This is the reverse version of Iterator::try_fold(): it takes elements starting from the back of the iterator. Read more

1.27.0 · Source§

fn rfold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,

An iterator method that reduces the iterator’s elements to a single, final value, starting from the back. Read more

Return the length, in bytes, of the corresponding VarULE type

Source §

fn encode_var_ule_write(&self, dst: &mut [u8])

Write the corresponding VarULE type to the dst buffer. dst should be the size of Self::encode_var_ule_len()

Source §

impl<T> EncodeAsVarULE<T> for Box<T>
where T: VarULE + ?Sized,

Source §

fn encode_var_ule_as_slices<R>(&self, cb: impl FnOnce(&[&[u8]]) -> R) -> R

Calls cb with a piecewise list of byte slices that when concatenated produce the memory pattern of the corresponding instance of T. Read more

Source §

fn encode_var_ule_len(&self) -> usize

Return the length, in bytes, of the corresponding VarULE type

Source §

fn encode_var_ule_write(&self, dst: &mut [u8])

Write the corresponding VarULE type to the dst buffer. dst should be the size of Self::encode_var_ule_len()

1.8.0 · Source§

impl<E> Error for Box<E>
where E: Error,

Source §

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0: use the Display impl or to_string()

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (extend_one)

Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements. Read more

1.35.0 · Source§

impl<Args, F, A> Fn<Args> for Box<F, A>
where Args: Tuple, F: Fn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

Source §

extern "rust-call" fn call( &self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits)

Performs the call operation.

extern "rust-call" fn call_once( self, args: Args, ) -> <Box<F, A> as FnOnce<Args>>::Output

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits)

Performs the call operation.

1.17.0 · Source§

impl<T> From<&[T]> for Box<[T]>
where T: Clone,

Source §

fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice and its contents.

§Examples

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

1.17.0 · Source§

impl From<&CStr> for Box<CStr>

Source §

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a &CStr into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Box.

1.17.0 · Source§

impl From<&OsStr> for Box<OsStr>

Source §

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Box<OsStr>

Copies the string into a newly allocated Box<OsStr>.

§Examples

// create a &mut [u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let mut array = [104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let slice: &mut [u8] = &mut array;
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

This will allocate and clone path to it.

1.84.0 · Source§

impl From<&mut str> for Box<str>

Source §

fn from(s: &mut str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &mut str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

§Examples

let mut original = String::from("hello");
let original: &mut str = &mut original;
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(original);
println!("{boxed}");

1.6.0 · Source§

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Source §

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Source §

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.17.0 · Source§

impl From<&str> for Box<str>

Source §

fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

§Examples

let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{boxed}");

1.45.0 · Source§

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T]>

Source §

fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a [T; N] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.

§Examples

let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
println!("{boxed:?}");

1.18.0 · Source§

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Atomic<T>

Source §

fn from(b: Box<T>) -> Atomic<T>

Converts to this type from the input type.

Source §

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Owned<T>

Source §

fn from(b: Box<T>) -> Owned<T>

Returns a new owned pointer pointing to b.

§Panics

Panics if the pointer (the Box) is not properly aligned.

§Examples

use crossbeam_epoch::Owned;

let o = unsafe { Owned::from_raw(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234))) };

1.21.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Arc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

Source §

fn from(v: Box<T, A>) -> Arc<T, A>

Move a boxed object to a new, reference-counted allocation.

§Example

let unique: Box<str> = Box::from("eggplant");
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from(unique);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

1.33.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Pin<Box<T, A>>
where A: Allocator + 'static, T: ?Sized,

Source §

fn from(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then *boxed will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

This is also available via Box::into_pin.

Constructing and pinning a Box with <Pin<Box<T>>>::from(Box::new(x)) can also be written more concisely using Box::pin(x). This From implementation is useful if you already have a Box<T>, or you are constructing a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

1.21.0 · Source§

Converts the given boxed str slice to a String. It is notable that the str slice is owned.

§Examples

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = s1.into_boxed_str();
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

1.19.0 · Source§

impl<A> From<Box<str, A>> for Box<[u8], A>
where A: Allocator,

Source §

fn from(s: Box<str, A>) -> Box<[u8], A>

Converts a Box<str> into a Box<[u8]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

§Examples

// create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);

assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);

1.20.0 · Source§

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>

Source §

fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a CString into a Box<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<Cow<'_, OsStr>> for Box<OsStr>

Source §

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, OsStr>) -> Box<OsStr>

Converts a Cow<'a, OsStr> into a Box<OsStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

1.45.0 · Source§

impl From<Cow<'_, Path>> for Box<Path>

Source §

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, Path>) -> Box<Path>

Creates a boxed Path from a clone-on-write pointer.

Converting from a Cow::Owned does not clone or allocate.

1.45.0 · Source§

impl From<Cow<'_, str>> for Box<str>

Source §

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, str>) -> Box<str>

Converts a Cow<'_, str> into a Box<str>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying str. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned String’s allocation.

§Examples

use std::borrow::Cow;

let unboxed = Cow::Borrowed("hello");
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

let unboxed = Cow::Owned("hello".to_string());
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

1.22.0 · Source§

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Source §

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.22.0 · Source§

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Source §

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>
where E: Error + 'a,

Source §

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.0.0 · Source§

use std::error::Error;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<'a> From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Source §

fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

§Examples

use std::error::Error;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

1.20.0 · Source§

impl From<String> for Box<str>

Source §

fn from(s: String) -> Box<str>

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

§Examples

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

1.6.0 · Source§

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T>

Source §

fn from(t: T) -> Box<T>

Converts a T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

§Examples

let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

Source §

impl From<UriTemplateString> for Box<UriTemplateStr>

Source §

fn from(s: UriTemplateString) -> Box<UriTemplateStr>

Converts to this type from the input type.

1.20.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> From<Vec<T, A>> for Box<[T], A>
where A: Allocator,

Source §

fn from(v: Vec<T, A>) -> Box<[T], A>

Converts a vector into a boxed slice.

Before doing the conversion, this method discards excess capacity like Vec::shrink_to_fit.

§Examples

assert_eq!(Box::from(vec![1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());

Any excess capacity is removed:

let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(Box::from(vec), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());

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impl<T> FromArgMatches for Box<T>
where T: FromArgMatches,

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fn from_arg_matches(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<Box<T>, Error>

Instantiate Self from ArgMatches, parsing the arguments as needed. Read more

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fn from_arg_matches_mut(matches: &mut ArgMatches) -> Result<Box<T>, Error>

Instantiate Self from ArgMatches, parsing the arguments as needed. Read more

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fn update_from_arg_matches(&mut self, matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), Error>

Assign values from ArgMatches to self.

Collects boxed strings from a parallel iterator into one large string.

Source §

fn from_par_iter(par_iter: I) -> String
where I: IntoParallelIterator<Item = Box<str>>,

Creates an instance of the collection from the parallel iterator par_iter. Read more

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impl<T> FromParallelIterator<T> for Box<[T]>
where T: Send,

Collects items from a parallel iterator into a boxed slice.

Attempts to resolve the future to a final value, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> Hash for Box<T, A>
where T: Hash + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

Source §

fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher,

Feeds this value into the given Hasher. Read more

1.3.0 · Source§

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher. Read more

1.22.0 · Source§

fn count(self) -> usize
where Self: Sized,

Consumes the iterator, counting the number of iterations and returning it. Read more

Source §

fn advance_by(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), NonZero<usize>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_advance_by)

Advances the iterator by n elements. Read more

1.28.0 · Source§

fn step_by(self, step: usize) -> StepBy<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator starting at the same point, but stepping by the given amount at each iteration. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn chain(self, other: U) -> Chain<Self, ::IntoIter> ⓘ
where Self: Sized, U: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,

Takes two iterators and creates a new iterator over both in sequence. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn zip(self, other: U) -> Zip<Self, ::IntoIter> ⓘ
where Self: Sized, U: IntoIterator,

‘Zips up’ two iterators into a single iterator of pairs. Read more

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fn intersperse(self, separator: Self::Item) -> Intersperse<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_intersperse)

Creates a new iterator which places a copy of separator between adjacent items of the original iterator. Read more

Source §

fn intersperse_with<G>(self, separator: G) -> IntersperseWith<Self, G> ⓘ
where Self: Sized, G: FnMut() -> Self::Item,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_intersperse)

fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized,

Creates an iterator which ends after the first None. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F> ⓘ
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item),

Does something with each element of an iterator, passing the value on. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of Iterator. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn collect(self) -> B
where B: FromIterator<Self::Item>, Self: Sized,

Transforms an iterator into a collection. Read more

Source §

fn try_collect( &mut self, ) -> <<Self::Item as Try>::Residual as Residual>::TryType
where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Try, <Self::Item as Try>::Residual: Residual, B: FromIterator<<Self::Item as Try>::Output>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_collect)

Fallibly transforms an iterator into a collection, short circuiting if a failure is encountered. Read more

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fn collect_into<E>(self, collection: &mut E) -> &mut E
where E: Extend<Self::Item>, Self: Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_collect_into)

Collects all the items from an iterator into a collection. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)
where Self: Sized, B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Consumes an iterator, creating two collections from it. Read more

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fn partition_in_place<'a, T, P>(self, predicate: P) -> usize
where T: 'a, Self: Sized + DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a mut T>, P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_partition_in_place)

Reorders the elements of this iterator in-place according to the given predicate, such that all those that return true precede all those that return false. Returns the number of true elements found. Read more

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fn is_partitioned(self, predicate: P) -> bool
where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_is_partitioned)

Checks if the elements of this iterator are partitioned according to the given predicate, such that all those that return true precede all those that return false. Read more

1.27.0 · Source§

fn try_fold<B, F, R>(&mut self, init: B, f: F) -> R
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = B>,

An iterator method that applies a function as long as it returns successfully, producing a single, final value. Read more

1.27.0 · Source§

fn try_for_each<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> R, R: Try<Output = ()>,

An iterator method that applies a fallible function to each item in the iterator, stopping at the first error and returning that error. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,

Folds every element into an accumulator by applying an operation, returning the final result. Read more

1.51.0 · Source§

fn reduce<F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item,

Reduces the elements to a single one, by repeatedly applying a reducing operation. Read more

Source §

fn try_reduce<R>( &mut self, f: impl FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> R, ) -> <<R as Try>::Residual as Residual<Option<<R as Try>::Output>>>::TryType
where Self: Sized, R: Try<Output = Self::Item>, <R as Try>::Residual: Residual<Option<Self::Item>>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_reduce)

Reduces the elements to a single one by repeatedly applying a reducing operation. If the closure returns a failure, the failure is propagated back to the caller immediately. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

Tests if every element of the iterator matches a predicate. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,

Tests if any element of the iterator matches a predicate. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn find(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
where Self: Sized, P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,

Searches for an element of an iterator that satisfies a predicate. Read more

1.30.0 · Source§

fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option,

Applies function to the elements of iterator and returns the first non-none result. Read more

Source §

fn try_find<R>( &mut self, f: impl FnMut(&Self::Item) -> R, ) -> <<R as Try>::Residual as Residual<Option<Self::Item>>>::TryType
where Self: Sized, R: Try<Output = bool>, <R as Try>::Residual: Residual<Option<Self::Item>>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_find)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_array_chunks)

Returns an iterator over N elements of the iterator at a time. Read more

1.11.0 · Source§

fn sum<S>(self) -> S
where Self: Sized, S: Sum<Self::Item>,

Sums the elements of an iterator. Read more

1.11.0 · Source§

Checks if the elements of this iterator are sorted using the given key extraction function. Read more

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impl<Sp> LocalSpawn for Box<Sp>
where Sp: LocalSpawn + ?Sized,

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fn spawn_local_obj( &self, future: LocalFutureObj<'static, ()>, ) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion. Read more

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fn status_local(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks. Read more

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impl<T> Log for Box<T>
where T: Log + ?Sized,

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fn enabled(&self, metadata: &Metadata<'_>) -> bool

Determines if a log message with the specified metadata would be logged. Read more

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fn log(&self, record: &Record<'_>)

Logs the Record. Read more

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fn flush(&self)

Flushes any buffered records. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

Extends an instance of the collection with the elements drawn from the parallel iterator par_iter. Read more

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impl<T> Parse for Box<T>
where T: Parse,

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fn parse(input: &ParseBuffer<'_>) -> Result<Box<T>, Error>

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1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> PartialEq for Box<T, A>
where T: PartialEq + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

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fn eq(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

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fn ne(&self, other: &Box<T, A>) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

1.0.0 · Source§

Invoked right before the service makes a request, regardless of whether it is redirected or not. Read more

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fn clone_body(&self, body: &B) -> Option

Try to clone a request body before the service makes a redirected request. Read more

Reads all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to buf. Read more

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fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Reads the exact number of bytes required to fill buf. Read more

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fn read_buf_exact(&mut self, cursor: BorrowedCursor<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (read_buf)

Reads the exact number of bytes required to fill cursor. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adaptor for this instance of Read. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn bytes(self) -> Bytes<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized,

Transforms this Read instance to an Iterator over its bytes. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

fn chain<R>(self, next: R) -> Chain<Self, R> ⓘ
where R: Read, Self: Sized,

Creates an adapter which will chain this stream with another. Read more

Generate a random f64 between [0, 1).

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fn next_range(&mut self, range: Range<u64>) -> u64

Randomly pick a value within the range. Read more

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impl<R> RngCore for Box<R>
where R: RngCore + ?Sized,

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fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32

Return the next random u32. Read more

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fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64

Return the next random u64. Read more

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fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8])

Fill dest with random data. Read more

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fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Fill dest entirely with random data. Read more

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<S> Seek for Box<S>
where S: Seek + ?Sized,

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fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Result<u64, Error>

Seek to an offset, in bytes, in a stream. Read more

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fn rewind(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error>

Rewind to the beginning of a stream. Read more

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fn stream_len(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (seek_stream_len)

Returns the length of this stream (in bytes). Read more

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fn stream_position(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Error>

Returns the current seek position from the start of the stream. Read more

Errors produced by the service.

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type Future = <S as Service<Request>>::Future

The future response value.

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fn poll_ready( &mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Result<(), <S as Service<Request>>::Error>>

Returns Poll::Ready(Ok(())) when the service is able to process requests. Read more

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fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> <S as Service<Request>>::Future

Process the request and return the response asynchronously. Read more

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impl<Request, S> Service<Request> for Box<S>
where S: Service<Request> + ?Sized,

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type Response = <S as Service<Request>>::Response

Responses given by the service.

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type Error = <S as Service<Request>>::Error

Errors produced by the service. Read more

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type Future = <S as Service<Request>>::Future

The future response value.

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fn call(&self, req: Request) -> <Box<S> as Service<Request>>::Future

Process the request and return the response asynchronously. call takes &self instead of mut &self because: Read more

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fn register( &mut self, registry: &Registry, token: Token, interests: Interest, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Register self with the given Registry instance. Read more

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fn reregister( &mut self, registry: &Registry, token: Token, interests: Interest, ) -> Result<(), Error>

Re-register self with the given Registry instance. Read more

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fn deregister(&mut self, registry: &Registry) -> Result<(), Error>

Deregister self from the given Registry instance. Read more

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impl<Sp> Spawn for Box<Sp>
where Sp: Spawn + ?Sized,

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fn spawn_obj(&self, future: FutureObj<'static, ()>) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion. Read more

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fn status(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks. Read more

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type Item = <S as Stream>::Item

Values yielded by the stream.

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fn poll_next( self: Pin<&mut Box<S>>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Option<<Box<S> as Stream>::Item>>

Attempt to pull out the next value of this stream, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available, and returning None if the stream is exhausted. Read more

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fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the stream. Read more

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impl<T> Subcommand for Box<T>
where T: Subcommand,

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fn augment_subcommands(cmd: Command) -> Command

Append to Command so it can instantiate Self via FromArgMatches::from_arg_matches_mut Read more

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fn augment_subcommands_for_update(cmd: Command) -> Command

Append to Command so it can instantiate self via FromArgMatches::update_from_arg_matches_mut Read more

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fn has_subcommand(name: &str) -> bool

Test whether Self can parse a specific subcommand

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Notifies the subscriber that a span ID has been dropped, and returns true if there are now 0 IDs that refer to that span. Read more

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fn drop_span(&self, id: Id)

👎Deprecated since 0.1.2: use Subscriber::try_close instead

This method is deprecated. Read more

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fn current_span(&self) -> Current

Returns a type representing this subscriber’s view of the current span. Read more

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unsafe fn downcast_raw(&self, id: TypeId) -> Option<*const ()>

If self is the same type as the provided TypeId, returns an untyped *const pointer to that type. Otherwise, returns None. Read more

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fn on_register_dispatch(&self, subscriber: &Dispatch)

Invoked when this subscriber becomes a Dispatch. Read more

fn to_token_stream(&self) -> TokenStream

This can be used with vec! to create an array on the heap:

let state: Box<[f32; 100]> = vec![1.0; 100].try_into().unwrap();
assert_eq!(state.len(), 100);

Returns the current value.

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fn simplify(&mut self) -> bool

Attempts to simplify the current value. Notionally, this sets the “high” value to the current value, and the current value to a “halfway point” between high and low, rounding towards low. Read more

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fn complicate(&mut self) -> bool

Attempts to partially undo the last simplification. Notionally, this sets the “low” value to one plus the current value, and the current value to a “halfway point” between high and the new low, rounding towards low. Read more

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Returns true if and only if the underlying writer must synchronously interact with an end user’s device in order to control colors. By default, this always returns false. Read more

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impl<'a, T> Writeable for Box<T>
where T: Writeable + ?Sized,

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fn write_to<W>(&self, sink: &mut W) -> Result<(), Error>
where W: Write + ?Sized,

Writes a string to the given sink. Errors from the sink are bubbled up. The default implementation delegates to write_to_parts, and discards any Part annotations.

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fn write_to_parts<W>(&self, sink: &mut W) -> Result<(), Error>
where W: PartsWrite + ?Sized,

Write bytes and Part annotations to the given sink. Errors from the sink are bubbled up. The default implementation delegates to write_to, and doesn’t produce any Part annotations.

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fn writeable_length_hint(&self) -> LengthHint

Returns a hint for the number of UTF-8 bytes that will be written to the sink. Read more

This implementation is required to make sure that the &Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

1.80.0 · Source§

impl<'a, I, A> !Iterator for &'a mut Box<[I], A>
where A: Allocator,

This implementation is required to make sure that the &mut Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

1.80.0 · Source§

impl<I, A> !Iterator for Box<[I], A>
where A: Allocator,

This implementation is required to make sure that the Box<[I]>: IntoIterator implementation doesn’t overlap with IntoIterator for T where T: Iterator blanket.

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impl<Z> ZeroizeOnDrop for Box<[Z]>
where Z: ZeroizeOnDrop,

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impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

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fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more

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impl<F, T, U, R, E> AsyncPredicate<T> for F
where F: FnMut(T) -> U, U: Future<Output = Result<R, E>>, E: Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>,

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type Future = ErrInto<U, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>

The future returned by check.

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type Request = R

The type of requests returned by check. Read more

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fn check(&mut self, request: T) -> <F as AsyncPredicate<T>>::Future

Check whether the given request should be forwarded. Read more

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Creates an AsyncRead adapter which will read at most limit bytes from the underlying reader. Read more

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fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Seek<'_, Self> ⓘ
where Self: Unpin,

Creates a future which will seek an IO object, and then yield the new position in the object and the object itself. Read more

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fn stream_position(&mut self) -> Seek<'_, Self> ⓘ
where Self: Unpin,

Creates a future which will return the current seek position from the start of the stream. Read more

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impl<S> AsyncSeekExt for S
where S: AsyncSeek + ?Sized,

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fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Seek<'_, Self>
where Self: Unpin,

Creates a future which will seek an IO object, and then yield the new position in the object and the object itself. Read more

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fn rewind(&mut self) -> Seek<'_, Self>
where Self: Unpin,

Creates a future which will rewind to the beginning of the stream. Read more

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fn stream_position(&mut self) -> Seek<'_, Self>
where Self: Unpin,

Creates a future which will return the current seek position from the start of the stream. Read more

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Allow using an AsyncWrite as a Sink<Item: AsRef<[u8]>>. Read more

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Returns an iterator over byte-terminated records of this reader, where each record is represented as a byte string. Read more

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fn for_byte_line<F>(&mut self, for_each_line: F) -> Result<(), Error>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&[u8]) -> Result<bool, Error>,

Executes the given closure on each line in the underlying reader. Read more

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fn for_byte_record<F>( &mut self, terminator: u8, for_each_record: F, ) -> Result<(), Error>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&[u8]) -> Result<bool, Error>,

Executes the given closure on each byte-terminated record in the underlying reader. Read more

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fn for_byte_line_with_terminator<F>( &mut self, for_each_line: F, ) -> Result<(), Error>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&[u8]) -> Result<bool, Error>,

Executes the given closure on each line in the underlying reader. Read more

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fn for_byte_record_with_terminator<F>( &mut self, terminator: u8, for_each_record: F, ) -> Result<(), Error>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&[u8]) -> Result<bool, Error>,

Executes the given closure on each byte-terminated record in the underlying reader. Read more

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impl<T> Candidate for T
where T: AsRef<str>,

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fn display(&self) -> &str

Text to display when listing alternatives.

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fn replacement(&self) -> &str

Text to insert in line.

impl<C, F> ContainsToken<C> for F
where F: Fn(C) -> bool,

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fn contains_token(&self, token: C) -> bool

Returns true if self contains the token

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impl<K, S, E, D> Discover for D
where D: TryStream<Ok = Change<K, S>, Error = E> + ?Sized, K: Eq,

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type Key = K

A unique identifier for each active service. Read more

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type Service = S

The type of Service yielded by this Discover.

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type Error = E

Error produced during discovery

Returns if entering the inline table is allowed

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fn inline_table_close(&mut self, span: Span, _error: &mut dyn ErrorSink)

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fn array_open(&mut self, span: Span, _error: &mut dyn ErrorSink) -> bool

Returns if entering the array is allowed

The filter function type definition

Whether the current function’s output should be treated as safe, defaults to false

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fn call(&mut self, req: Request<B1>) -> <T as HttpService<B1>>::Future

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impl<T> Instrument for T

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fn instrument(self, span: Span) -> Instrumented<Self> ⓘ

Instruments this type with the provided Span, returning an Instrumented wrapper. Read more

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fn in_current_span(self) -> Instrumented<Self> ⓘ

Instruments this type with the current Span, returning an Instrumented wrapper. Read more

The output that the future will produce on completion.

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type IntoFuture = F

Which kind of future are we turning this into?

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fn into_future(self) -> <F as IntoFuture>::IntoFuture

Creates a future from a value. Read more

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impl IntoIterator for I
where I: Iterator,

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type Item = ::Item

The type of the elements being iterated over.

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type IntoIter = I

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

Uniformly sample one element (stable) Read more

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fn choose_multiple_fill<R>(self, rng: &mut R, buf: &mut [Self::Item]) -> usize
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Uniformly sample amount distinct elements into a buffer Read more

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fn choose_multiple<R>(self, rng: &mut R, amount: usize) -> Vec<Self::Item>
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Uniformly sample amount distinct elements into a Vec Read more

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impl IteratorRandom for I
where I: Iterator,

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fn choose<R>(self, rng: &mut R) -> Option<Self::Item>
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Choose one element at random from the iterator. Read more

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fn choose_stable<R>(self, rng: &mut R) -> Option<Self::Item>
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Choose one element at random from the iterator. Read more

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fn choose_multiple_fill<R>(self, rng: &mut R, buf: &mut [Self::Item]) -> usize
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Collects values at random from the iterator into a supplied buffer until that buffer is filled. Read more

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fn choose_multiple<R>(self, rng: &mut R, amount: usize) -> Vec<Self::Item>
where R: Rng + ?Sized,

Collects amount values at random from the iterator into a vector. Read more

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👎Deprecated since 0.13.0: Use .chunk_by() instead

👎Deprecated since 0.10.2: Use Iterator::reduce instead

Accumulator of the elements in the iterator. Read more

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fn tree_reduce<F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
where F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item, Self: Sized,

Accumulate the elements in the iterator in a tree-like manner. Read more

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fn tree_fold1<F>(self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
where F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item, Self: Sized,

👎Deprecated since 0.13.0: Use .tree_reduce() instead

Returns the length of the iterator if one exists. Otherwise return self.size_hint(). Read more

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Return an iterator that groups the items in tuples of a specific size (up to 4). Read more

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fn step(self, n: usize) -> Step<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized,

👎Deprecated since 0.8.0: Use std .step_by() instead

Return an iterator adaptor that steps n elements in the base iterator for each iteration. Read more

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fn map_into<R>(self) -> MapSpecialCase<Self, MapSpecialCaseFnInto<R>>
where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Into<R>,

Convert each item of the iterator using the Into trait. Read more

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fn map_results<F, T, U, E>( self, f: F, ) -> MapSpecialCase<Self, MapSpecialCaseFnOk<F>>
where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>, F: FnMut(T) -> U,

👎Deprecated since 0.10.0: Use .map_ok() instead

fn concat(self) -> Self::Item
where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Extend<<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::Item> + IntoIterator + Default,

Combine all an iterator’s elements into one element by using Extend. Read more

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fn set_from<'a, A, J>(&mut self, from: J) -> usize
where A: 'a, Self: Iterator<Item = &'a mut A>, J: IntoIterator<Item = A>,

Assign to each reference in self from the from iterator, stopping at the shortest of the two iterators. Read more

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fn format(self, sep: &str) -> Format<'_, Self>
where Self: Sized,

Format all iterator elements, separated by sep. Read more

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fn format_with<F>(self, sep: &str, format: F) -> FormatWith<'_, Self, F>
where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(Self::Item, &mut dyn FnMut(&dyn Display) -> Result<(), Error>) -> Result<(), Error>,

Format all iterator elements, separated by sep. Read more

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fn fold_results<A, E, B, F>(&mut self, start: B, f: F) -> Result<B, E>
where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<A, E>>, F: FnMut(B, A) -> B,

👎Deprecated since 0.10.0: Use .fold_ok() instead

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fn spawn_local<Fut>(&self, future: Fut) -> Result<(), SpawnError>
where Fut: Future<Output = ()> + 'static,

Spawns a task that polls the given future with output () to completion. Read more

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fn spawn_local_with_handle<Fut>( &self, future: Fut, ) -> Result<RemoteHandle<<Fut as Future>::Output>, SpawnError>
where Fut: Future + 'static,

Spawns a task that polls the given future to completion and returns a future that resolves to the spawned future’s output. Read more

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impl<F, T> Parser for F
where F: FnOnce(&ParseBuffer<'_>) -> Result<T, Error>,

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type Output = T

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fn parse2(self, tokens: TokenStream) -> Result<T, Error>

Parse a proc-macro2 token stream into the chosen syntax tree node. Read more

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fn __parse_scoped( self, scope: Span, tokens: TokenStream, ) -> Result<<F as Parser>::Output, Error>

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fn parse(self, tokens: TokenStream) -> Result<Self::Output, Error>

Parse tokens of source code into the chosen syntax tree node. Read more

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fn parse_str(self, s: &str) -> Result<Self::Output, Error>

Parse a string of Rust code into the chosen syntax tree node. Read more

Drops the object pointed to by the given pointer. Read more

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impl<T> PolicyExt for T
where T: ?Sized,

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fn and<P, B, E>(self, other: P) -> And<T, P>
where T: Policy<B, E>, P: Policy<B, E>,

Create a new Policy that returns Action::Follow only if self and other return Action::Follow. Read more

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fn or<P, B, E>(self, other: P) -> Or<T, P>
where T: Policy<B, E>, P: Policy<B, E>,

Create a new Policy that returns Action::Follow if either self or other returns Action::Follow. Read more

fn check( &mut self, request: T, ) -> Result<<F as Predicate<T>>::Request, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>

Check whether the given request should be forwarded. Read more

fn no_expansion<'r>(&'r mut self) -> Option<Cow<'r, [u8]>>

Return a fixed unchanging replacement byte string. Read more

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fn by_ref<'r>(&'r mut self) -> ReplacerRef<'r, Self>

Returns a type that implements Replacer, but that borrows and wraps this Replacer. Read more

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impl<F, T> Replacer for F
where F: FnMut(&Captures<'_>) -> T, T: AsRef<str>,

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fn replace_append(&mut self, caps: &Captures<'_>, dst: &mut String)

Appends possibly empty data to dst to replace the current match. Read more

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fn no_expansion<'r>(&'r mut self) -> Option<Cow<'r, str>>

Return a fixed unchanging replacement string. Read more

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fn by_ref<'r>(&'r mut self) -> ReplacerRef<'r, Self>

Returns a type that implements Replacer, but that borrows and wraps this Replacer. Read more

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impl<T> RngCore for T
where T: DerefMut, <T as Deref>::Target: RngCore,

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fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32

Return the next random u32. Read more

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fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64

Return the next random u64. Read more

Convert this service into a MakeService, that will store C’s associated ConnectInfo in a request extension such that ConnectInfo can extract it. Read more

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fn handle_error<F, T>(self, f: F) -> HandleError<Self, F, T>

Convert this service into a HandleError, that will handle errors by converting them into responses. Read more

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Spawns a task that polls the given future to completion and returns a future that resolves to the spawned future’s output. Read more

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Encode the hex strict representing self into the result. Upper case letters are used (e.g. F9B4CA)

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impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

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type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

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fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more

Performs the conversion.

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impl<F, T, E> TryFuture for F
where F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>> + ?Sized,

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type Ok = T

The type of successful values yielded by this future

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type Error = E

The type of failures yielded by this future

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fn try_poll( self: Pin<&mut F>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<<F as Future>::Output>

Poll this TryFuture as if it were a Future. Read more

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type Error = >::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

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fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, >::Error>

Performs the conversion.

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Convert an RngCore to a RngReadAdapter.

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impl<S, T, E> TryStream for S
where S: Stream<Item = Result<T, E>> + ?Sized,

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type Ok = T

The type of successful values yielded by this future

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type Error = E

The type of failures yielded by this future

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fn try_poll_next( self: Pin<&mut S>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, ) -> Poll<Option<Result<<S as TryStream>::Ok, <S as TryStream>::Error>>>

Poll this TryStream as if it were a Stream. Read more

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Attempt to execute a predicate over an asynchronous stream and evaluate if any items satisfy the predicate. Exits early if an Err is encountered or if an Ok item is found that satisfies the predicate. Read more

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Adapt a TypedValueParser from one value to another Read more

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impl<V, T> VZip<V> for T
where V: MultiLane<T>,

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fn vzip(self) -> V

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Records a type implementing Error. Read more

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impl<T> WithSubscriber for T

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fn with_subscriber<S>(self, subscriber: S) -> WithDispatch<Self> ⓘ
where S: Into<Dispatch>,

Attaches the provided Subscriber to this type, returning a WithDispatch wrapper. Read more

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fn with_current_subscriber(self) -> WithDispatch<Self> ⓘ

Attaches the current default Subscriber to this type, returning a WithDispatch wrapper. Read more

Struct BoxCopy item path

Implementations§

impl<A> Box<dyn Any, A>where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any, A>>where T: Any,

§Examples

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>where T: Any,

§Examples

§Safety

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send, A>where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send, A>>where T: Any,

§Examples

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>where T: Any,

§Examples

§Safety

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>>where T: Any,

§Examples

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>where T: Any,

§Examples

§Safety

impl<T> Box<T>

pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T>

§Examples

pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

§Examples

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>>

§Examples

pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>>

pub fn try_new(x: T) -> Result<Box<T>, AllocError>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

§Examples

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn try_new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Box<T, A>, AllocError>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>where A: Allocator,

§Examples

pub fn pin_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>where A: 'static + Allocator,

pub fn into_boxed_slice(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Box<[T], A>

pub fn into_inner(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> T

§Examples

impl<T> Box<[T]>

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

§Examples

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice( len: usize, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]>, AllocError>

§Examples

pub fn into_array<const N: usize>(self) -> Option<Box<[T; N]>>

impl<T, A> Box<[T], A>where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_uninit_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

§Examples

pub fn new_zeroed_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

§Examples

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice_in( len: usize, alloc: A, ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>, AllocError>

§Examples

impl<T, A> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>where A: Allocator,

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T, A>

§Safety

§Examples

pub fn write(boxed: Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, value: T) -> Box<T, A>

§Examples

impl<T, A> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>where A: Allocator,

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<[T], A>

§Safety

§Examples

Struct Box

impl<A> Box<dyn Any, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any, A>>
where T: Any,

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send, A>>
where T: Any,

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

impl<A> Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync, A>>
where T: Any,

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A>
where T: Any,

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn try_new_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Box<T, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>
where A: Allocator,

pub fn pin_in(x: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>
where A: 'static + Allocator,

impl<T, A> Box<[T], A>
where A: Allocator,

impl<T, A> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

impl<T, A> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>
where A: Allocator,

impl<T> Box<T>
where T: ?Sized,

impl<T, A> Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

pub fn leak<'a>(b: Box<T, A>) -> &'a mut T
where A: 'a,

pub fn into_pin(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Pin<Box<T, A>>
where A: 'static,

impl<A> Arbitrary for Box<[A]>
where A: Arbitrary,

impl<A> Arbitrary for Box<A>
where A: Arbitrary,

impl<A> ArbitraryF1<A> for Box<A>
where A: Debug + 'static,